Best Commerce Notes For Revision

Macroeconomics .......  short and easy notes for the board exam 1.What do you mean by Macroeconomics? What are its characteristics? > macro means large, it is also a Greek word Makro. It deals with aggregates such as National income, aggregate demand, aggregate supply, and general price level. Following and its characteristics;  It deals with the Macro unit of the economy. Macroeconomics study the policy related to the whole. It studies macro variables. Its important tools are fiscal policy, monetary policy, and income policy. It is also known as income and employment theory.  2.Write the importance of macroeconomics. > following are its main importance; Macroeconomics essential for the formulation of various economic policies. Macroeconomics help in providing basic raw material in the study of economic growth. Consumption in an economy studies to calculate the economic growth of the nation. All policies are framed by the government on ...

Consumer Protection ..........short and easy notes for board exam. 1. What do you mean by consumer protection? What are its importance? > Consumer Protection means to protect the consumer right against anti-consumer trade practicese by the producers or sellers. The following are the specific reasons that make Consumer Protection absolutely essential; A consumer is expected to pay for what he get in return. They should not be expected to pay for what they are not getting. Therefore, consumer need to be protected against overcharging of prices. It help the consumer to seek justice from the Court against the product. Safety from unstandardise product. It helps to create tension free atmosphere for the consumer. Compensation for inconvenience. The businessman get best support from all the party. 2. What do you mean by consumer rights? > under consumer protection act 1986 as amendment in 1993, provides the following rights to the protection of consumer; Right to safety- consumer hav...

Controll i ng . . .. .   Short & Easy Notes for B oard Exam #1. What is Controlling? What are its features? > Controlling is the process of checking,measuring and regulating the ongoing activity.It compare actual performance with the standard performance to ensure that, all activity are performed as per plan, all resources are performed as per plan and corrective action is taken in case of any deviation. Following are its features; It is an essential managerial function at every level. It is regular exercise. It is forward looking. It is both negative and positive. It is needed at all level of management. It can not be exercised without plan. It is last function of management . #2. write the importance of controlling? >It is an essential feature of scientific and successful management.It focus on the improvement of controlled technique. Following are its importance; It ensure that actual performance is in accordance with the plan performance It help in achieving the organ...

Direct ing . . .. .   Short & Easy Notes for B oard Exam #1. What do you mean by directing? What are its characteristics of features? What are its importance? > directing means giving instructions, guiding, counselling, motivating and leading the staff in an organisation in doing work to achieve organisational goal. It is an important managerial function concerned with putting the organisational plan into effect. It is also known as acquisition and leading. Following are its characteristics; Pervasive function- directing is required at all level of organisation. Every manager provide guidance and inspiration to his subordinates. Continuous activity- directing is an continuous activity. The process of directing is continuous throughout the life of organisation. Human factor - directing function is related to subordinates and therefore it is related to human factor. Creative activity- directing function helps in converting plans into performance. Without this ...

Staffing . . .. .   Short & Easy Notes for B oard Exam #1. What do you mean by staffing? What are used characteristics? > starting is a process involved in identifying, selection, training, assessing, placing, evaluating and developing individuals at work. In other words, staffing is concerned with developing and maintaining a sufficient number of managerial employees and other employees for the functioning of the organisation. Following are its characteristics; Continuous function-  staffing is a continuous process. Needs of staffing not only at its Inception but also in future. Hiring of personnel and their training and development have to be arranged at regular interval. Related to human resources- Staffng is related to the development and maintenance human resources. Manager have to apply human behaviour while dealing with employees matter. A pervasive function- it is a pervasive function as it performed by all managers throughout the organisat...

 Organizing . . .. .   Short & Easy Notes for B oard Exam #1. What do you mean by organising? > It is a group of people contributing their efforts toward the attainment of common goal. It is a process of identifying and grouping the work to be done and fix the authority, accountability, responsibility and duty to achieve the goal. It enables the people to work efficiently. #2. Write the characteristics or features of organising. Group of individuals-  organising comes into existence when a group of people combine their efforts and willingly contribute to achieve a common goal. Common purpose-  every organising comes into existence on the basis of goal of the Enterprise. Chain of command-  the superior and subordinate relationship established in an organisation is based on authority, which flows from higher level to lower level of management. Division of work-  organising involves division of total worked into various activities an...